Degrees of Comparison

Degrees of Comparison

Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.

There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.

They are:

1. Positive degree.

2. Comparative degree.

3. Superlative degree.

Let us see all of them one by one.

1.Positive degree.

When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree.

Examples:

• This house is big.

In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about.

• He is a tall student.

• This flower is beautiful.

• He is an intelligent boy.

Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.

The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is...

2.Comparative degree.

When we compare two persons or two things with each other,

We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.

Examples:

a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)

This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)

The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative)

This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)

The term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)

He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)

The term “more intelligent” is comparative version of the term “intelligent”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative)

He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)

The term “taller” is comparative version of the term “tall”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

The third one in the Degrees of Comparison is...

3.Superlative degree:



When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,

We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.

Examples:

a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)

This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)

No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)

The term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”.

All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative)

This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)

No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)

The term “most beautiful” is the superlative version of the term “beautiful”.

All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)

He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)

No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)

The term “most intelligent” is superlative version of the term “intelligent”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative)

He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)

No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)

The term “tallest” is superlative version of the term “tall”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

*Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs*

*Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons*

He is the tallest student in the class.

The term “tallest” is an adjective.

Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.

The term “effectively” is an adverb.

All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or adverbs.

We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.

Let us see their models.

Model -1: “The best”:

Examples:

i. This is the best hotel in this area.

No other hotel is as better as this on in this area.

No other hotel is as good as this one in this area.

ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country.

Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.

No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.

Model-2: “One of the best”:

Examples:

i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India.

Calcutta is large than most other cities in India.

Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.

ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world.

Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world.

No other batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar.

Model-3: “Not the best”:

Examples:

i. This is not the best solution to the problem.

ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.

iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.

ii. New York is not the largest city in America.

New York is not bigger than many other cities in America.

Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.

Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “more” before them.

And their superlative terms, by getting “most” before them.

Examples:

Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful

Effective……….more effective………most effective

Effectively………more effectively……….most effectively

Enjoyable………….more enjoyable……….most enjoyable

Useful……………….more useful………..most useful

Different………..more different…………most different

Honest………..more honest…………..most honest

Qualified…………more qualified…………most qualified

Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “er” after them and their superlative terms, by getting “est” after them.

Examples:

Hard……………..harder……………..hardest

Big……………….bigger…………….biggest

Tall……………..taller……………tallest

Long………………longer………………longest

Short……………..shorter……………….shortest

Costly…………………costlier……………costliest

Simple………………….simpler………….simplest

Degrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.

Conditional Sentences / If-Clauses Type I, II und III

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

more on Conditional Sentences Type I ►

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

more on Conditional Sentences Type II ►

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

more on Conditional Sentences Type III ►

Exceptions

Sometimes Conditional Sentences Type I, II and III can also be used with other tenses.

more on Conditional Sentences used with other tenses ►

Exercises on Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentence Type 1

• Exercise on If Clauses Type I Level: elementary
• Exercise 2 on If Clauses Type I Level: elementary

Conditional Sentence Type 2

• Exercise on If Clauses Type II Level: lower intermediate
• Exercise 2 on If Clauses Type II Level: lower intermediate

Conditional Sentence Type 3

• Exercise on If Clauses Type III Level: intermediate
• Exercise 2 on If Clauses Type III Level: intermediate

Mixed Exercises on Conditional Sentences

• Type I or II • Exercise 2 • Exercise 3 Level: lower intermediate
• Type I, II or III • Exercise 2 • Exercise 3 Level: intermediate
• Fairytale “The Cat and the Mouse” Level: intermediate
• Exercise on “New Orleans” text Level: intermediate

Exceptions

• Exercise on If Clauses Type I with Auxiliaries Level: intermediate
• Exercise on If Clauses Type I • Exercise 2 Level: upper intermediate
• Exercise on If Clauses Type II Level: upper intermediate
• Exercise on If Clauses Type III Level: upper intermediate

Tests on Conditional Sentences

• Conditional Sentences Type 1 Level: elementary
• Conditional Sentences Type 1 and 2 Level: lower intermediate
• Conditional Sentences Type 1, 2 and 3 Level: intermediate
• Conditional Sentences Type 1, 2, 3 and Exceptions Level: upper intermediate

Langkah – Langkah Membuat Blog

oleh Fikri

Beberapa hari yang lalu kami menemukan fakta bahwa jumlah populasi blog di Indonesia semakin hari – semakin meningkat. Maka dari itu, kami rasa panduan untuk membuat blog yang sistematis akan diperlukan. Post kali ini akan berbicara mengenai langkah – langkah membuat blog. dari perencanaan, hingga mempublish content secara garis besarnya. untuk langkah – langkah tertentu yang lebih detail, akan kami publish dalam post terpisah. Ok then, here we go now :

Saya ingin membuat blog! Apa yang harus saya lakukan?

Tentukan konsep Blog Anda

Banyak orang, ketika hendak membuat blog grasa – grusu langsung membuat account di penyedia jasa blog. Mereka mulai ngeblog, ngeblog dan ngeblog. seiring dengan waktu, ketika gaya ngeblog mereka mulai muncul, mereka mulai menemukan ‘ada yang salah’ dengan blog mereka. entah nama domainnya yang kurang cocok, entah gaya menulis yang kurang cocok, dan lain – lain. Maka dari itu, saran kami lakukan langkah pertama ini dengan baik : Tentukan konsep blog anda, agar kedepannya anda akan nyaman. Saran kami, ambil selembar kertas A4 dan tuliskan konsep anda akan blog yang hendak anda buat. Adapun hal – hal yang perlu di tentukan dalam peng – konsepan blog adalah :

Tujuan blog anda

Apa tujuan anda ngeblog? Hobi? menyalurkan pemikiran yang terpendam? mencari kenalan baru? meraih pendapatan? personal branding? memanfaatkan waktu yang ada? tempat mengekspresikan perasaan anda? menyalurkan hobi menulis anda? bisnis? memperlihatkan porto folio anda? tools untuk mempromosikan keahlian anda? Apapun tujuan anda, tentukan dari awal, agar kedepannya anda akan lebih mudah merawat blog anda. Menentukan tujuan blog akan memudahkan anda untuk menentukan banyak hal, seperti jenis blog yang akan anda publish, design blog yang cocok untuk blog anda, dan banyak hal yang lain.

Jenis blog yang akan anda buat

Setelah tujuan ditemukan , anda akan mengetahui jenis blog seperti apa yang akan anda bangun, dan apa niche blog anda. ada blog humor, build for adsense, personal blog, online journal, dsb. Lebih jelas tentang jenis – jenis blog, silahkan baca post ini.

Tentukan hal – hal yang hendak anda tampilkan dalam blog anda

Hal hal ini meliputi :

1. Fitur – fitur yan hendak anda tampilkan.
2. Widget – widget yang hendak anda pasang di sidebar anda. ( lebih dalam tentang widget, buka post ini )
3. Design seperti apa yang anda ingin kan

Untuk langkah ini, tips sederhana dari kami : coba anda melihat beberapa blog, lalu lihat apa saja yang blog tersebut tampilkan dan yang mana yang ingin anda tampilkan juga pada blog anda. Jika anda melakukan langkah ini dengan baik, selanjutnya anda tinggal mencari plugin atau widget apa yang anda butuhkan untuk membuat blog anda sesuai dengan apa yang anda inginkan dan memasangnya pada blog anda.

Menentukan domain.

Setelah anda menentukan tujuan, jenis blog dan hal – hal yang hendak anda tampilkan dalam blog, sekarang anda bisa menentukan nama domain anda. sederhanya, ada dua jenis domain yang dapat anda gunakan :

domain gratis yang berada di bawah domain penyedia jasa blog gratis. contohnya : http;//fikrirasyid.wordpress.com, http://fikrirasyid.blogspot.com, http://azrl.wordpress.com, dsb.

keuntungannya : gratis, dan tidak repot mengurusnya.

kekurangannya : terlihat kurang profesional untuk keperluan bisnis, dan eksistensi domain anda bergantung pada penyedia jasa blog itu sendiri.

domain berbayar dengan nama domain anda sendiri. contohnya : http://bloggingly.com, http://navinot.com, http://think.web.id, dsb.

keuntungannya : kesan yang ditampilkan lebih meyakinkan, terutama untuk kebutuhan branding.

kekurangannya : berbayar, dan butuh sedikti pengorbanan waktu dan perhatian untuk mengelolanya.

Perhatian! sediakan juga beberapa alternative nama domain, untuk berjaga – jaga siapa tahu nama blog yang anda inginkan sudah digunakan atau tidak tersedia.

Hasil dari penentuan nama domain ini berujung pada dua hal :

1. anda menggunakan blog gratis, atau
2. meng-host blog anda sendiri ( istilah kerennya stand-alone blog atau self hosted blog )

Untuk yang menggunakan blog gratis, langkah selanjutnya adalah :

1. Masuk ke situs penyedia jasa blog. ( Blogger, wordpress, LiveJournal, dsb. untuk perbandingan layanan blog, anda bisa baca post tentang perbandingan layanan blog gratis )
2. Sign Up, atau register
3. Memahami seluk beluk dan fitur platform blog yang anda gunakan
4. Men set up tampilan dan fitur blog anda sesuai dengan konsep yang telah anda buat
5. Tulis dan publish content!

Yup, that’s it !

Untuk yang menentukan untuk menghost blog anda sendiri menggunakan domain berbayar, penjelasannya cukup dalam hingga kami publish dalam post yang berbeda. silahkan buka halaman ini untuk panduan membuat blog ( menggunakan wordpress ) dengan domain sendiri.

Anyway, satu hal yang perlu sangat anda perhatikan disini: Tidak mungkin blog anda sempurna pada langkah pertama. meskipun anda melakukan langkah ini dengan sempurna, kedepannya akan selalu ada bagian – bagian yang ingin anda tingkatkan dan hilangkan dari blog anda. Dengan melakukan langkah ini, setidaknya tindakan “rombak – merombak” anda akan lebih efisien dan terarah nantinya.

Active / Passive Verb Forms

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.

Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

Active / Passive Overview

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

The Modal Auxiliary Verbs

The Modal Auxiliary Verbs

The modal auxiliary verbs adalah kata-kata seperti can, will, shall, may, might, should, ought to, must, could yang digunakan bersama dengan kata kerja dan ditempatkan di depan subyek.

 The Modal auxiliary verb dan kata kerja yang mengikutinya tidak mengalami perubahan untuk orang dan jumlah
 The modal auxiliary verb ditempatkan segera sesudah subyek kalimat.

FORM: SUBJECT + THE MODAL AUXILIARY + INFINITIVE

(Positive) They can do it
(Negative) They can not do it
(Questions) Can they do it:
Short Answer Yes, they can/not, they can’t

Bentuk dan arti dari the modal auxiliary verbs:

1. Will (Future)
• They will come here on time

2. Could (ability in the past, possibility)
• She could climb when she wa still young. (ability in the past)
• She could come in a minute. (possibility)

3. Can (ability, permission)
• He can play the pino. (ability)
• They can play football here. (Permission)

4. May (Pemission, possibility)
• The children may play here. (permission)
• He may get a raise. (possibility)

5. Might (Possibility)
• He might get a rise in his salary. (possibility)

6. Should/ought to (obligation, desirability)
• Students ought to/should study regularly. (obligation)
• You ought not to/shouldn’t drink and drive. (desirability)

7. Must (conclusion, probability, necessity)
• He must be twenty years old. (conclusion, probability)
• You must be hungry. (conclusion, probability)
• You must study tonight.

EXERCISE:
• Tambahlan to dimana perlu, Jika to tidak diperlukan, tulislah  dibagian yang kosong.
1. I have ... go down tomorrow.
2. Tom can ... play soccer.
3. Could you please ... open the window?
4. The students must ... learn all of the irregular verbs.
5. Sally has ... do her history.
6. I think you should ... take better care of yourself.
7. I ought ... go to the office this afternoon.
8. Would you ... speak more slowly, please?
9. We may ... go to Argentina for our vacation.
10. Will you please ... mail this letter for me?

• Lengkapi kalimat dengan can dan can’t
1. A cat ... climb trees, but it ... fly
2. A fish ... walk, but it ... swim
3. A dog ... bark, but it ... sing
4. You ... buy stamps at the post office, but you ... buy shoes there.
5. A tiny baby ... cry, but it ... talk
6. I ... write with a pen, but I ... write with a paper clip
7. I ... read book by noonlight, but I ... read in sunlight.
8. Trees ... produce oxygen, but rocks ... .
9. Fish ... live in air, but they ... live in water.
10. You ... store water in a glass jar, but you ... store it in a paper bag.